Ford Pinto Case Study Essay - 797 Words

Amanda Nevill Pinto Case Study February 6, 2012 1. Put yourself in the role of the recall coordinator for Ford Motor CO. It’s 1973, and field reports have been coming in about rear-end collisions, fires, and fatalities. You must decide whether to recall the automobile. A. Identify the relevant facts. In August of 1978 three teenage girls were driving a Ford Pinto and were struck from behind. The three girls died because the Ford Pinto’s fuel tank ruptured from the collision and burst into flames. There was a big debate about the safety of the Ford Pinto to its proneness to its fuel tank catching on fire in low-speed rear-end†¦show more content†¦Ford convinced NHTSA that cost/benefit analysis would be appropriate for determining not to change the fuel tank. The costs were eleven dollars per fuel tank to change which ended up equaling 137.5 million dollars. This number is very large and much bigger than the benefit if they would have not changed it, which was 49.5 million dollars. B. Identify the pertinent ethical issues and points of ethical conflict. All of the relevant facts discussed above lead to many ethical issues. Ford was aware of the problem with the gas tank leaking and could have changed it before others died from their mistakes. Putting a price value on a life to beat the Japanese in the small car market is unethical. Safety should be a company’s number one priority, not beating the completion. There was a legal issue of NHTSA and Ford. Ford was aware that the fuel tanks were not working correctly but did nothing to change it because the NHTSA, at the time, had no laws against it. C. Identify the relevant affected parties. a. Customers (Ford’s victims) b. Drivers of Pinto c. Ford Employees d. Manufactures of Ford e. Suppliers of Ford f. Dealers of Ford g. Stockholders h. NHTSA The customers (drivers of Ford) are the number one stakeholders that lost the most. They might not have lost much money or reputations, but they lost the one thing that you can never get back, their life.Show MoreRelatedCase Study: Ford Pinto598 Words   |  2 PagesCase study: Ford Pinto The actions of the Ford Motor Company during the manufacturing of its infamous Pinto vehicle are an illustration of how a negative organizational culture can impede clear thinking, even amongst highly-accomplished executives. Ford wished to create a vehicle that was inexpensive for consumers, but early tests of the Pinto showed that the Pinto had a tendency to blow up upon rear impact. Redesigning the vehicle would mean a long and costly delay, and Ford did not think itRead MoreFord Pinto Fires Case Study and Executive Summary Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesFord Pinto Fires Case Study and Executive Summary John Bonner, Scotti Greenleaf, Rose Scarbrough MGT216 University of Phoenix October 18, 2010 Sarah Nelson Ford Pinto Fires Case Study and Executive Summary Introduction During the Late 1960’s the Ford Motor Company was one of the leading auto manufactures in the United States. Ford was credited with revolutionizing the muscle car era of the 1950’s and 1960’s. During the mid 1960’s Lee Iacocca helped Ford establish itself in the late 1960’sRead MoreFord Pinto Paper1349 Words   |  6 PagesFord Pinto Case Study The Ford pinto lasted from the 1960’s to the late 1970s and was highly controversial. This poorly made automobile came from a production race between the USA and Japan, where the United States promised an affordable, fuel efficient, and reliable car. Because of the hasty production, it left Ford with a flawed, dangerous, and untested product. The outrage over the obvious safety flaws of the Ford Pinto caused leaders to call upon their values, mission statement, and ethicsRead MoreFord Pinto Ethics Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesFord Pinto Case: The Invisible Corporate Human Pricetag In this essay, I will argue that Ford Motor Company’s business behavior was unethical as demonstrated in the Ford Pinto Case. Ford did not reveal all the facts to consumers about a harmful gas tank design in the Ford Pinto. They tried to justify their decision to sell an unsafe car by using a Cost-Benefit Analysis which determined it was cheaper to sell the cars without changing to a safer gas tank. The price of not fixing the gas tanksRead MoreCase Study Pinto681 Words   |  3 Pages1. What moral issues does the Pinto case raise? I think Pinto case raised some serious issue of abusing human rights and not behaving ethically in the world of business. Any business/service should never ever put a value on human life and not take consideration of a known deadly danger. Ford had an option as well as the solution to design the car in a way that prevented cars from exploding; however they refused to implement it.    They thought that it was cost effective not to fix dangerous conditionRead MoreFord Pinto953 Words   |  4 PagesResponsible Commerce (COMM 101) Case 2.3 (The Ford Pinto) Week 4 1. What moral issues does the Pinto case raise? Moral issues that Ford Pinto case raises included producing dangerous products which are not safe to use it without informing the dangerous of the products to the public. In addition, lobbying the NHTSA to delay the safety measure of the products is also one of the moral issues that Ford Pinto case raises. (53 words) 2. Suppose Ford officials were asked to justifyRead MoreEthical Review Of The 1971 Ford Pinto1139 Words   |  5 PagesEthics/MGMT-368 September 6, 2014 Ethical Review of the 1971 Ford Pinto In the mid to late 1960’s American automobile manufacturing was being dominated by Japanese imports. These imports, smaller in size than the domestic vehicles at the time, offered an economical and dependable alternative to what American automobiles offered. In order to remain competitive with these Japanese imports Ford chief executive officer Lee Iacoca instructed the Ford manufacturing company to come up with a vehicle for theRead MoreComm 101984 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study 2.3 1. What moral issues does the Pinto case raise? The moral issues about the Ford Pinto is that they take their profit is more important than human life. They also did not inform the consumer about the facts of the Pinto. Lastly, they also lobbied the safety of the car to lowest standard (Shaw, Barry amp; Sansbury 2009, pp 97-99). ï ¼Ë†44 wordsï ¼â€° 2. Suppose Ford officials were asked to justify their decision. What moral principles do you think they would invoke? Assess Ford’sRead MoreThe Ford Production Of Ford Pinto994 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ford automobile company began producing the Ford Pinto line up in 1968. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) at the time of the pinto production was Lee Iacocca. The reason for the decision to mass produce the pinto in a short amount of time is because American automobiles were losing market share to smaller Japanese imports. Lee Iacocca wanted his engineers to design and manufacture a compact car that weighed less than 2,000 pounds and cost less than 2,000 dollars. Because of this monumental taskRead MoreLearning Team Assignment: Case Study Discussion Executive Summary1420 Words   |  6 PagesLearning Team Assignment: Case Study Discussion Executive Summary MGT/216 University Of Phoenix Learning Team Assignment: Case Study Discussion Executive Summary In 1968 the Ford Motor Company decided to introduce a new subcompact car to compete with foreign imported vehicles in the subcompact category. The Vice-President of Ford at the time Lee Iacocca felt that in order to grab a larger share of the market Ford must remain competitive and a decision on putting money before human

Patrick Bateman in American Psycho - A Freudian Analysis

Character Description Patrick Bateman was a young, white, ivy leagued male who worked on Wall Street in the 1980s era of self indulgence and materialism. He was driven to be perfect and to be the best at everything he does no matter what the cost. Material things meant more to Patrick than life itself which was clearly stated in the movie. Patrick was vain and self absorbed person who treated his body like a temple. He spent his days and nights doing vigorous workouts, mergers and acquisitions on Wall Street, fine dining with beautiful ladies and satisfying an insatiable and uncontrollable lust for torture and murder in the big apple. Patrick Bateman was the ultimate serial killer who killed victims from all walks of life such as†¦show more content†¦According to Freud, this is one of the main indicators that a person can have as a result of a phallic fixation. Patricks conscience obviously did not play a role in his actions because he appeared to feel no remorse or concern afterwards - only contentment and a sense of impatience for the next time that he could kill again. Why Patrick lacked this conscience is anyones guess, but Freud might say that it could be traced back to the beginning stages of personality development, particularly at the Latency Stage when morals and values are developed. There seemed to be nothing in Patricks head that talked sense or reason into him to prevent his unconscious urges from rising to the surface possibly because he had not learned them during the Latency Stage of development. Freud might say that Patrick hit a roadblock during this stage of development due to his own self described depersonalization and failure to feel compassion or empathy for others (Harron, 2000). Patricks values and beliefs all seemed to orbit around materialism, perfection, wealth, power and greed which can be developed at this stage and can provide problems in adulthood if the values and morals are not developed at this time. The movie is based on a character from the 1980s when many people were thinking individualistically and were very materialistic in nature (Putman, 2000). Perhaps Patrick was simply a product of his environment or perhaps it was a combination of a

Fiduciary Duties and Regulatory Rules

Question: Discuss about the Fiduciary Duties and Regulatory Rules. Answer: Introduction Federal court of Australia adjudged in favour of Citigroup Global markets Australia Pty Limited (Citigroup) in civil proceedings brought by Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC). Citigroup conducted business through various divisions. Departments involved in the present case were, first investment banking where employees were known as private side employees because they held sensitive information of the business and second equity trading employees were known as public side employees. The two departments are segregated from each other by a barrier known as Chinese wall so as to restrict flow of information. (Stringer and Harkness 2007) Present case arose when in the year 2005; Toll Holding ltd. employed Citigroup so as to advise them over Tolls proposed takeover bid of Patrick Corporation Ltd. amounting to A$4.6 billion. The parties entered into a mandate letter with regards to the provisions of these advisory services. Citigroups investments banking division provided extensive advice to Toll over a period of 8 months. The day on which Toll was to present his bid for Patrick, a proprietary trader of the equity trading department purchased significant amount of Patrick shares on account of Citigroup. (Carvalho 2008) The investment baking and the advising board were on the private side of the business hence they were aware of inside information during the course of their employment whereas the proprietor was in the public side department. Private side employees came to know about the proprietary trading of Patricks shares and for the said reason they had certain communication with the head of equities, then the head of equities had a conversation with the proprietary trader and asked him to stop buying Patricks shares. The proprietary trader under the impression that Citigroup would be overexposed sold 20% of Citigroups shareholding within a fraction of 20 minutes before the trade was closed. (Jacobson 2007) Breach of duty by Citigroup: ASIC Claim ASIC pursued a claim against Citigroup in Sydney courts, irrespective of the fact that Toll did not raise any claim. Claims raised by ASIC are as follows: (Seeto 2008) Citigroup had established fiduciary relationship with Toll by virtue of being an advisor, and by purchasing Patricks shares it has breached fiduciary duty obligations bestowed upon him by virtue of Section 912A(1) of the Corporations Act, 2001. it has also been alleged that Citigroup got engaged in unconscionable conduct which allowed arise of conflict of interest resulting in breach of Section 12CA(1) of the Australian Securities and investments Commission Act, 2001 Citigroup has acted in contravention of provision mentioned in Section 1043A of the Corporations Act, 2001. The bank has also contravened Section 12DA of the Australian Securities and investments Commission Act, 2001, by placing reliance on two facts, first that the sale of 20% of Citigroup shareholding at the time of possession of inside information constituted insider trading and second they challenged the restriction on flow of information by Chinese wall (Melbourne Law School 2017) which Citigroup had in place. ASICs (ASIC 2007) claim were based on the contention that: Fiduciary relationship imposes a strict duty of loyalty; common law courts have for the said reason restricted to apply fiduciary relationship principle on commercial transactions. But it cannot be asserted that fiduciary relationship does not exist in commercial transactions at all, it may exist where the fiduciary is entrusted to act in a manner which is in the best interest of the beneficiary. ASIC asserted that there existed a fiduciary relationship between Toll and Citigroup by placing reliance on the fact that where investment banks when carrying advisory functions act as fiduciaries, as there is a fiduciary relationship between the advisor and his clients.( Ritchie 2008) ASIC contented that Citigroup has failed to fulfill its role as a fiduciary in three ways: first, as it breached the no conflict rule laid in Section 912A(1) (aa) of the corporations Act, 2001 wherein the financial services licensee is obligated to have adequate arrangements for managing conflict of interest, here Citigroups own interest conflicted with Tolls interest, as the Patricks share prices were low before Toll announced its takeover bid and Citigroup was earning profit by transacting in Patricks shares. Share prices of Patricks shares rose up to 15% due to traders sale of 20% shares of Citigroup and for the said reason Toll had to buy shares at an inflated price. Second, the no profit rule has been breached by Citigroup by not accounting to Toll for the profits it made by transacting in Patricks shares. Third, the principle of good faith has been breached as Citigroup acted in a manner which was not in the best interest of Toll, which the former was obligated to being in the position of fiduciary. Section 1042G of the Corporations Act, 2001 implies the fact that the knowledge of body corporate is consonant with the knowledge of its officers. Interpretation to this section is that the knowledge of the officer (Section 9 of the Corporations Act, 2001) is the knowledge of the corporation. ASIC placed reliance on this section to assert that Citigroup is guilty of insider trading by selling almost 200,000 shares while in possession of the inside information that Citigroup was advising Toll on its takeover bid. (Allens 2007) Another claim of insider trading was based on the fact that the Chinese wall placed by Citigroup was not sufficient to manage conflict. Denied existence of fiduciary relationship Jacobson J adjudged that Citigroup had excluded fiduciary duty, he owed to Toll. Fiduciary duty can be modified or excluded by fiduciary either by contracting for the same or by consent. In common parlance the duty of a fiduciary is delimited by engagement letters. The mandate letter entered into by Citigroup and Toll expressly mentions that Toll would engage Citigroup as an independent contractor and not in any other capacity including as a fiduciary and Citigroup may provide services to other parties with conflicting interests. (Ferguson Ma 2014) Hence on the basis of the foresaid mentioned mandate letter clauses the court concluded that Citigroup has excluded its fiduciary duty. For arriving at this conclusion Jacobson J heavily relied on an English Law commission report 1995 (LAW COM No 236 1995) wherein the law commission arrived at a conclusion that despite of the fact that contractual as well as fiduciary relationships can co-exist but the exclusion clause would be effective only if the fiduciary relationship conforms to the terms of the contract. In other words it can be said that if the engagement letter expressly excludes the existence of fiduciary relationship then then there does not exist such relationship between the parties to the contract irrespective of the nature of the relationship they are into. (APESB 2017) The position of existence of fiduciary relationship lay in the case of Kelly vs. Cooper (1993) has been affirmed to an extent in the present case. Kelly vs. Cooper adjudged that a fiduciary can limit his duties towards beneficiary by expressly mentioning the exclusion clause in a contract which defines the relationship between the parties and the consequences of the exclusion clause are known to the fiduciary without ambiguity. (Swarb 2016) In case of absence of express contract between the parties to modify the duty fiduciary owes to the beneficiary, there can be an informed consent of the beneficiary to conduct the breach of the fiduciary duty. (McCabe 2007) In the present case there was a mandate letter which expressly excluded existence of fiduciary relationship between Citigroup and Toll. But Jacobson J for the purpose of record considered the existence of informed consent of toll to Citigroup for transaction in shares on his own account along with advisory services for the proposed takeover of Patrick. Jacobson J held that there was no express informed consent on behalf of Toll so there should be an implied consent on behalf of Tolls, as Toll had expertise in mergers and acquisitions according to its Chief financial officer and that it is the core competency of the company. Hence by virtue of existence of expertise it can be argued that Toll was unaware of Citigroups proprietary dealing in Patricks shares on the l atters own account. Therefore from the above discussion it can rightly be inferred that there was implied consent on behalf of Toll. Denied the plea of Insider Trading Court interpreted the term information under section 1042A of the Corporations Act, 2001 as that information could be non- specific information and the inference drawn from that information is also information. (High Court of Australia 2012) ASICs claim that the shares were sold while in possession of the material information and therefore breached the provision of insider trading could be effective if they were able to prove that the proprietor trader was an officer as per Section 9 of the Corporation Act. Court dismissed the claim of insider trading, stating that as per section 9 of the Corporations Act, proprietor trader of Patricks shares on behalf of Citigroup was neither a director nor he occupied a management position so as to be termed as an officer. In relation to the claim raised by ASIC with regard to the effectiveness of restriction on the flow of information by presence of Chinese wall the court observed that in accordance of Section 1043F of the Corporations Act, 2001 which refers to Chinese wall arrangements by bodies corporate, the Citigroups Chinese wall is in place and adequate. Section 1043F(b) does not mandate a standard of absolute perfection for Chinese wall, and for the said reason the court held that the Citigroups established arrangements were adequate so as to meet the requirements as laid in the section. Jacobson J held that Chinese walls are an important aspect of any strategy which is built to manage conflicts. Citigroups Chinese wall was effectively established which would efficiently restrict the flow of information between different departments, and it enabled protection of clients interest as there was protection of financial information from misuse. The English Law Commission report 1995 also established essentials of Chinese walls which included physical separation of the various departments of a body corporate, educational programmes emphasizing on the importance of non-disclosure of confidential information, procedures should be well defined and strict so as to enable to deal with situations in which the Chinese wall is to be crossed, effectiveness should be monitored, and sanctions to be imposed in case of breach. (Law Com No. 236 1995) Citigroup Chinese wall possessed all these essentials. Jacobson J also observed that mere laying down procedures is no sufficient there should be a willingness to understand the procedure and implement them in most of the contracts. In the present case the defense of Section 1043F of the Corporations Act, 2001 can be taken not only by establishing that the procedure and the Chinese wall established were in place rather it is to be proved that material information was not been communicated from one department to the other. The facts of the present case state that the terms of conversation held between the private side employees and the head of equities were with regard to the Proprietary trading of Patricks shares, and the private side was worried about the fact that the dealing would affect their conflict of interest in advising Toll for the proposed takeover bid, despite of the fact that the proprietor did not have knowledge of the takeover, (Jacobson 2007) and the conversation between head of equities and proprietary trader was oblique as the head of equities not inform the proprietor about the reason to stop trading in Patricks shares. (Ali Gregoriou 2008) So it can be asserted that material information was not communicated form the private department to the proprietary trader. So the Chinese walls should not only be at adequate place but they should be effective to deal with the situations of conflict of interest. Conclusion To conclude it can be asserted that in commercial relationships, the parties can expressly define their relationship in case it does not fall under established fiduciary relationships categorically as that it is not fiduciary in nature. It is prudent to expressly exclude the existence of fiduciary relation in the relationship clause. the confirms to the fact that the corporations can rely on the strategies of Chinese wall, contractual exclusion clause and informed consent so as to manage its conflict of interests. There are still more impetus required in the Chinese wall principle to disqualify the conflict of interests in commercial dealings. References (1995) Fiduciary duties and regulatory rules, [Online], Available: https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/lc236.pdf [6 January 2017] (2007) Client update: Commercial litigation- ASIC fails in conflict of interst and insider trading case against Citigroup, [Online], Available: https://www.allens.com.au/pubs/ldr/cucljun07.htm [5 January 2017] (No Date) [Online], Available: https://www.apesb.org.au/uploads/meeting/board_meeting/20150310023920_attachment_3_(f)_apes_230_specific_comments_table_6.pdf [6 January 2017] Ali, P.U. and Gregoriou, G.N. (2008)Insider trading: Global developments and analysis. London: CRC ASIC. (2007) 07-171 Decision in ASIC v Citigroup, [Online], Available: https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/media-centre/find-a-media-release/2007-releases/07-171-decision-in-asic-v-citigroup/ [5 January 2017] Carvalho, A. (2008). Contracting out of fiduciary relationships in engagement letters: The Citigroup case. Trusts Trustees, 14(6), pp. 406-415 Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions. (2012) Annotated, [Online], Available: https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/cases/p61-2011/Kizon_Res1-Redact.pdf [5 January 2017] Ferguson, D Ma, C. (2014). Addisons contractual interpretation series- relationship clauses- can fiduciary obligations be avoided?, [Online], Available: https://www.addisonslawyers.com.au/knowledge/assetdoc/5566d4592c364479/Addisons%20Contractual%20Interpretation%20Series%20Relationship%20Clauses.pdf [5 January 2017] Hanrahan, P, F. (n.d.) ASIC v Citigroup: Investment banks, conflicts of interest, and Chinese walls, [Online], Available: https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/1709837/67-Hanrahan_-_ASIC_v_Citigroup1.pdf [5 January 2017] Jacobson, D. (2007) ASIC v Citigroup Decision: no conflict and no insider trading, [Online], Available: https://www.brightlaw.com.au/asic-v-citigroup-decision-no-conflict-and-no-insider-trading/ [5 January 2017] Jacobson, D. (2007) Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Citigroup Global Markets Australia Pty Limited (ACN 113 114 832) (No. 4) [2007] FCA 963, [online], Available: https://www.smh.com.au/pdf/ASICvCitigroup.pdf [6 January 2017] McCabe, B. (2007) ASIC v Citigroup and fiduciary obligations, [Online], Available: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/ElderLRev/2007/5.pdf [5 January 2017] Ritchie, T. (2008) ASIC v Citigroup: An Amber Light for Proprietary Trading, [Online], Available: https://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010context=cgej [5 January 2017] Seeto, G. (2008) ASIC v Citigroup - The compliance implications, [Online], Available: https://www.claytonutz.com/knowledge/2008/january/asic-v-citigroup-the-compliance-implications [5 January 2017] Stringer, R Harkness, J. (2007) Citigroup what does it tell us that we didnt already know?, [Online], Available: https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=1cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwjBkYzriq3RAhUDgI8KHYElC2wQFggbMAAurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.governanceinstitute.com.au%2Fmedia%2F409666%2Fcitigroup_conflict_management_august2007.pdfusg=AFQjCNEeIV-aiNy87d10zDgAhRnPTTcY6g [5 January 2017] Wilkinson, B. (2016) Kelly vs. Cooper and another PC 25 NOV 1992, [Online], Available: https://swarb.co.uk/kelly-v-cooper-and-another-pc-25-nov-1992/ [6 January 2017]

Kenya Attractiveness for Tourism

Kenya forms part of the Eastern Africa countries. It borders Sudan to the northwest, Indian Ocean to the southeast, Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west and Ethiopia to the north. Kenya’s tourism is a valuable asset to the economy because it is the second largest source of foreign exchange earning.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Kenya Attractiveness for Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The touristic attractions in Kenya encompass wildlife, marine parks and reserves; historical buildings and monuments; the Great Rift Valley; snow-capped mountains; sports; cultures as well as sandy beaches along Indian Ocean. Conservation of natural resources forms the backbone of Kenyan tourism. Wildlife tourism accounts for almost 60 percent of total tourism revenue. Other tourism attractions such as sports tourism have lagged behind. Kenya has great runners who have dominated internationally the long distan ce races since time immemorial. Kenya has a reputation of producing award winning marathoners and steeplechase runners such as Moses Kiptanui, Kipchoge Keino, Tecla Loroupe, Catherine Ndereba and Samuel Wanjiru. These runners have dominated in global championships such as the Olympics competition, International Amarture Athletics Federation (IAAF), London Marathon, New York Marathon and so on. The reason given to the outstanding performance by Kenyan runners in long distance races is the location of the country within the tropics coupled with high altitude training areas. This has attracted athletes from other countries to come and train within the country. However, authorities such as Kenya Tourist Board have not taken immediate measures to tap this opportunity as sports tourism. The tourism authorities should earmark the high altitude areas used by local long distance athletes for sports facility development. The current facilities cannot adequately host international runners. Spo rts facilities should be fitted with state-of-the-art truck and field equipments; operated by properly trained management and meet proper dietary needs for athletes. Kenya recieves hordes of international tourists attracted by the wildlife parks and reserves. There are 56 national parks and reserves in Kenya. The parks are remotely located. Moreover, the cultures of people living near these parks and reserves are rich and not eroded; very little has been done to incoporate them into the tourism circuits.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kenya’s coastal towns of Mombasa and Lamu have cultural sites of Mijikenda tribe called the Kaya Shrines. The cultural sites spread throughout the coastal region. These coastal towns are famously known for their marine life. Other similar scenerios are the pastoral community of the Maasai living near the famous Maasai Mara National R eserve and the Nchuri Njeke Cultural Council of the Ameru tribe found near the Meru National Park. Making cultural tourism vibrant increases opportunities for tourists to spend more within the country. Furthermore, authorities running tourism activities should not assume that all tourists are merely attracted to wildlife parks and reserves. Tourist trends have shown that they are increasingly willing to stay longer within the country than before. Take for instance, in 1985 the average tourist length of stay was arround 7 days but in 2000 it increased up to 13 days.The local people should be given an opportunity to showcase their cuisines, ceremonial rites, traditional knowledge, cultural dress codes et cetera. In the 1990s, there were a number of cases reported of international tourists murdered within country. This hit the international scene causing the rate of international tourists visiting the country to decline. This meant that there was a security lapse for the tourists. The situation was worsened by the occcurence of violence after the controversial presidential election held in December, 2007. This caused a decline in the number of tourists arriving in the country in 2008 by almost half, from over 273,000 in 2007. Conference tourism dropped by 87.4 percent compared to the figures of 2007. In addition to this, several countries issued travel advisories to tourists wishing to visit the country. This shows that the security guarantee for tourists is paramount. A way of ensuring tourists feel save, and deploy a special arm of the police force is called tourist police. This arm of police should be dedicated to ensuring that tourists are free of threats such as terrorism, serial killers or thuggery. This means that they should receive special training to suit the hospitality industry. However, Kenya has already shown signs towards this direction by initiating the diplomatic police. The diplomatic police mainly secure areas receiving international conference guests. One of the sites heavily guarded by diplomatic police is Gigiri, which is the international headquarters of United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Kenya Attractiveness for Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The diplomatic police have been successful in discharging duties since the international conference visitors have reported no major cases of insecurity. Tourist police would serve to secure Kenya’s coastal border towns of Lamu facing threats from Al shabaab Movement terorist gang from Somalia. Kenya as a tourist destination rivals even developed countries. However, its marketting tools are weaker than those of developed countries are. For instance, developed countries have visual appealing, content rich and user-friendly tourism marketing online tools, which call for developing countries like Kenya to dedicate more investments to win more internationa l tourists. This report on Kenya Attractiveness for Tourism was written and submitted by user Michaela Howe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Death Penalty, Why Its Bad essays

Death Penalty, Why It's Bad essays The Death Penalty. A heated debate? A pressing issue? Only in America. The United States of America is the only industrialized democratic nation in the world that still uses the death penalty. There are several primary reasons why the death penalty should be exonerated. Reason one: The Death Penalty is unfairly applied throughout the country. In Furman v. Georgia, the death penalty was banned because it was being sentenced without standards or order. Even though that Supreme Court case was overturn four years later, the problem still exists. A man who is convicted of murder in Texas (a state with over 250 executions and 450 more on Death Row last year) is more likely to be sentenced to death than a man who is convicted of murder in Connecticut (a state where the death penalty has been legal for over 7 years and there has not been one execution.) It is also unfairly distributed among minorities and the impoverished. Since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976, 158 black defendants have been executed for the murder of a white victim, while only 11 white defendants have been executed for the murder of a black victim. And, as O.J. Simpsons lawyer once said: Money doesnt buy justice, lack of money buys injustice. People who are able to pay for their own attorneys, as well as those who are able to afford bail, are more likely not to be sentenced to death. Reason Two: The Death Penalty does not deter crime. Some people, such as the President of the United States, believe that the death penalty deters crime. They are wrong; states that do not have the death penalty have lower murder rates than those who do. Furthermore, the U.S. has higher murder rates than those of Canada and Europe, which do not have the death penalty. A survey of the former and present presidents of the country's top academic criminological societies found that 84% of these experts rejected the notion t ...

Everything You Need to Know About Sandstone

Everything You Need to Know About Sandstone Sandstone, simply put, is sand cemented together into rock - this is easy to tell just by looking closely at a specimen. But beyond that simple definition lies an interesting makeup of sediment, matrix,  and cement that can (with investigation) reveal a great deal of valuable geologic information. Sandstone Basics Sandstone is a type of rock made from sediment - a sedimentary rock. The sediment particles are clasts, or pieces, of minerals and fragments of rock, thus sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock. It is composed mostly of sand  particles, which are of medium size; therefore, sandstone is a medium-grained clastic sedimentary rock. More precisely, sand is between 1/16 millimeter and 2 mm in size (silt is finer and gravel is coarser). The sand grains that makeup sandstone are aptly referred to as framework grains. Sandstone may include finer and coarser material and still be called sandstone, but if it includes more than 30 percent grains of gravel, cobble or boulder size its classified instead as conglomerate or breccia (together these are called rudites). Sandstone has two different kinds of material in it besides the sediment particles: matrix and cement. Matrix is the fine-grained stuff (silt and clay size) that was in the sediment along with the sand whereas cement is the mineral matter, introduced later, that binds the sediment into rock. Sandstone with a lot of matrix is called poorly sorted. If matrix amounts to more than 10 percent of the rock, it is called a wacke (wacky). A well-sorted sandstone (little matrix) with little cement is called an arenite. Another way to look at it is that wacke is dirty and arenite is clean. You may notice that none of this discussion mentions any particular minerals, just a certain particle size. But in fact, minerals make up an important part of sandstones geologic story. Minerals of Sandstone Sandstone is formally defined strictly by particle size, but rocks made of carbonate minerals dont qualify as sandstone. Carbonate rocks are called limestone and given a whole separate classification, so sandstone really signifies a silicate-rich rock. (A medium-grained clastic carbonate rock, or limestone sandstone, is called calcarenite.) This division makes sense because limestone is made in clean ocean water, whereas silicate rocks are made from sediment eroded off the continents. Mature continental sediment consists of a handful of surface minerals, and sandstone, therefore, is usually almost all quartz. Other minerals- clays, hematite, ilmenite, feldspar, amphibole, and mica- and small rock fragments (lithics) as well as organic carbon (bitumen) add color and character to the clastic fraction or the matrix. A sandstone with at least 25 percent feldspar is called arkose. A sandstone made of volcanic particles is called tuff.​ The cement in sandstone is usually one of three materials: silica (chemically the same as quartz), calcium carbonate or iron oxide. These may infiltrate the matrix and bind it together, or they may fill the spaces where there is no matrix. Depending on the mix of matrix and cement, sandstone may have a wide range of color from nearly white to nearly black, with gray, brown, red, pink and buff in between. How Sandstone Forms Sandstone forms where sand is laid down and buried. Usually, this happens offshore from river deltas, but desert dunes and beaches can leave sandstone beds in the geologic record too. The famous red rocks of the Grand Canyon, for instance, formed in a desert setting. Fossils can be found in sandstone, although the energetic environments where sand beds form dont always favor preservation. Grand Canyon National Park. Dean Fikar / Getty Images   When sand is deeply buried, the pressure of burial and slightly higher temperatures allow minerals to dissolve or deform and become mobile. The grains become more tightly knit together, and the sediments are squeezed into a smaller volume. This is the time when cementing material moves into the sediment, carried there by fluids charged with dissolved minerals. Oxidizing conditions lead to red colors from iron oxides while reducing conditions lead to darker and grayer colors. What Sandstone Says The sand grains in sandstone give information about the past: The presence of feldspar and lithic grains means that the sediment is close to the mountains where it arose.Detailed studies of sandstone give insight into its provenance- the kind of countryside that produced the sand.The degree to which the grains are rounded is a sign of how far they were transported.A frosted surface is generally a sign that sand was transported by wind- that, in turn, means a sandy desert setting. Various features in sandstone are signs of the past environment: Ripples can indicate the local water currents or wind directions.Load structures, sole marks, rip-up clasts, and similar features are fossil footprints of ancient currents.Liesegang bands are signs of chemical action after burial of the sand. The layers, or bedding, in sandstone are also signs of the past environment: Turbidite sequences point to a marine setting.Crossbedding (truncated, tilted sandstone layering) is a rich source of information on currents.Interbeds of shale or conglomerate may indicate episodes of different climate. More About Sandstone Noppawat Tom Charoensinphon / Getty Images As a landscaping and building stone, sandstone is full of character, with warm colors. It can also be quite durable. The majority of sandstone quarried today is used as flagstones. Unlike commercial granite, commercial sandstone is the same as what the geologists say it is. Sandstone is the official state rock of Nevada. Magnificent sandstone outcrops in the state can be seen at Valley of Fire State Park.   With a great deal of heat and pressure, sandstones turn to the metamorphic rocks quartzite or gneiss, tough rocks with tightly packed mineral grains.

Introduction to Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction to Operations Management - Essay Example Management of the Zoo has arranged the facilities and services for about 10000 visitors. But this year, more than 10,000 people visited the Zoo at the occasion of August Bank Holidays. Moreover on the World Animal Day, the number of visitors exceeded 18,000 visitors, about an average of 4000 visitors at a time. There were many problems faced by the management; food ran short, there was no space for free walk in the Zoo, no staff member was there in front of the visitors and there all were queues in the Zoo. The management of the London Zoo can use some other ways of collecting data on their required information about the service quality. They can use the group focusing technique to gather the information. The groups visiting the Zoo can be requested to answer few of their questions. This style of activities can be done in quite attractive way announcing some gift hampers for the groups answering their questions and recommending some suggestions for the improvement. Interviewing technique is also a useful way to gather the data. But this technique might be not much useful or beneficial here. An interview requires mental preparation of the respondent which can not be adopted here as people come to the place for relaxation and enjoyment, they would not like this way. The above are the categories upon which information were gathered. The rating was asked from 1 to 5 with 3 as an average. The figures from the Appendices 3 and 4, it is observed that the customers rank the Zoo as an average service provider as the average of the ranking is 2.90 ~ 3. This value shows that the customers feel that the Zoo is providing entertainment of an average level. The management seems to be more dedicated towards the improvement of the progress of the services’ quality. The management realizes its responsibility that they have not only to provide amusement but the Zoo symbolizes the care of wild life. This care is reflected through the

Foreign Labor in the Arab Gulf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Foreign Labor in the Arab Gulf - Essay Example Their numbers only increased over the years. The capital rich countries possessed the resources, and labor rich countries possessed the needed skilled workers. Despite the economic benefits, the largest disadvantage has been the overwhelming share of foreign labor on the labor markets of GCC, retarding the development of indigenous labor. Presence of foreign labor increased to dramatic levels in some Gulf countries. Natives of Kuwait, Qatar and UAE have become minorities as a result of the increase in the number of foreigners in their countries (Khalaf & Alkobaisi, 1999, p.272). UAE is the extreme case. it was estimated in the 1990’s that â€Å"nationals constituted only 10-20% of the total population (Heard-Bey, 1997), and only 10% participation in the total labour force (Al-Mansour, 1996)† (Khalaf & Alkobaisi, 1999, p.272). According to Kapiszewski (2006), â€Å"[t]he population in the current GCC states has grown more than eight times during 50 years; to be exact, from 4 million in 1950 to 40 million in 2006† (p.2). The only GCC countries that managed to retain low levels of foreign labor are Oman and Saudi Arabia, at 20 and 27 percent respectively (Kapiszewski, 2006, p.2). The flow has been from labor rich to capital rich countries. Oil rich countries have low population levels. On the other hand, oil poor countries in the region have large populations. Such countries in the 1970’s were Egypt, Yemen, Sudan, Jordan and Syria (â€Å"Migrant Workers,†1982, p. 530 – 31). Countries such as Egypt had more experienced labor than countries such as Kuwait, but the latter experienced labor demand (â€Å"Migrant Workers,†1982, p. 530 – 31). As a result, labor supply from other countries increased in the oil rich countries. In 1975, Saudi Arabia hosted 773,400 migrant workers, Libya 332,400, the UAE 251,500, and Kuwait 208,000 (â€Å"Migrant Workers,†1982, p. 530 – 31). In 2004, there were 6,144,236 foreign migrants in Saudi Arabia, then 1, 707,000 in Kuwait and

Title IX Essay Example for Free

Title IX Essay Introduction Title IX, the first comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination in educational institutions on the basis of gender was passed in 1972. It was modeled after the Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. It states that, â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded   from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance† http://www.american.edu/sadker/titleix.htm Before its enactment, American colleges and universities were accused of discriminating against female students. Women were discouraged from pursuing higher level course work, especially mathematics and the sciences. This was done by setting rules that automatically benefited men and ruled out women. As a result, admission opportunities for women were low. This necessitated the drafting and passing of the Title IX to stem these tendencies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Application   It was a law designed to protect students and employees of educational institutions against discrimination based on their sex. Under this law, education institutions are required to observe policies, practices and programs that do not discriminate. This means that in any educational institution, males and females are expected to receive fair and equal treatment in all spheres of public schooling, recruitment, admissions and educational programs and activities. In addition, fairness should be observed in the courses being offered, counseling, financial aid towards these activities, employment assistance, housing health and insurance benefits. Furthermore, other areas like marital and parental status, scholarships, sexual harassment and athletics should be equally considered for both sexes. http://www.american.edu/sadker/titleix.htm The law applies to students, faculty and staff in federally funded education programs, th the elementary, secondary, college and university levels. It also covers affiliated programs and activities that receive federal funds like internships, correctional facilities, health care entities, unions and businesses. To be compliant to the law, you need to observe at least one of these things; demonstrate proportionate athletic opportunities for both sexes, have a history and continuing practice of expanding opportunities for under-represented sex, or full and effective accommodation of interests and abilities for the underrepresented sex. Another facet of the law requires that the total amount of athletic aid must be substantially proportionate to the number of male and female athletes. . http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutRE.html Further on, other programs should be taken into consideration; including equipment and supplies, scheduling of games and practice time, travel and per diem allowances, opportunity to receive academic tutoring and in addition receiving coaching, assignment and compensation. This is not all; Title IX requires that the institution provide quality locker room, practice and competitive facilities, medical and training facilities, housing and dining facilities, publicity, support services and equal opportunities for recruitment of student athletes. http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutRE.html   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Gains and Losses Title IX has had both negative and positive effects depending on how it has been enforced. The benefits include the increase of opportunities for female students in both academic and extra-curricula activities. An example is where, in 1972, 44% of bachelors degrees were earned by women, whereas in 2000 they increased by 57%. About Title IX, Retrieved on 17th Dec, 2007, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutRE.html In another instance, the number of girls’ athletics team has shown a marked increase from 1981 to 1999, with a 66% increase. However, in spite of these gains, Title IX has come under criticism for various reasons: According to Jessica Gavora, the law has had negative effects on the men’s sporting teams. She argues that following the Cohen versus Brown ruling in 1995, Title IX has been interpreted to guarantee that schools have the same proportion of male and female athletes, as well as representation in the students’ body. As a result, many schools have had to cancel some men’s programme in order introduce new women’s programme so as to fulfill the law’s requirements.(Gavora, 2002) She gets support from other quarters that claim that the law actually discriminates against males, with girls’ teams prospering at the expense of the boys teams. To most of them, Title IX equates to women’s sports. According to the Independent Women’s Forum, between 1992 and 1993, 42 wrestling teams, 53 golf programs, 16 baseball teams, 23 swimming programs and 39 tennis squadrons were cancelled in order to meet Title IX requirements. It is claimed that while this is going on, the coaches have the difficult job of going around scouting for female athletes, and have had to give the scholarships to just anyone, as long as it a female.   (Gavora, 2002) However, the proponents counter that the reduction in male teams is a product of other factors, and not Title IX. According to Amanda, the reduction in men’s teams is a result of declining interest, liability considerations by the colleges, financial constraints and choices about budget allocation among the sports teams that the school would wish to sponsor, rather than considerations of Title IX. (Amanda, 2004) In a court ruling in the Cohen versus University of Chicago the court stated that the call for relative interest tests, in which funds would be allocated according to the interest in sports among the sexes, could not withstand legal or policy scrutiny, because it disadvantages women and undermines the purposes of Title IX. Furthermore, the perceived lack of interest on the side of the women is actually a manifestation of women’s historical lack of opportunities, and not lack of interest. (Amanda, 2004) Another area of contention has been the Standardized tests. Here, the Federal Courts and Office of Civil Rights used the law to modify standardized tests so as to include writing section and double the weight of the verbal section in order to cater for the females who take the test. (Epstein, M, 2003) Title IX has also had some negative consequences in the social life at the institutions. Here, many instances of witch hunting have been taking place, with claims of sexual harassment and date rapes. In some cases, although the offence has been committed an individual, blanket accusations follow, whereby the whole institution is designated a Hostile environment, and can be sued for sexual discrimination. According to Gavora, the most extreme case is where a six year-old boy was suspended for kissing another student on the cheek. (Gavora, 2002) In another case, the National Women’s Law Centre filed a suit which claims that the New York City school board discriminates against female because the engineering classes are male dominated. (Epstein, M, 2003) On June 27, 2002, Rod Paige, the United States Secretary of Education set up a commission called the Secretary’s Commission on Opportunities in Athletics. In the findings, the general feeling among the people was that the law had good intentions but i but wrong enforcement. College administrators have complained that the United States Department has failed to provide clear guidance on the how post secondary institutions can comply with Title IX Standards and policy interpretations, as a result, the institutions have been left to their own devices on how to enforce it. There is also a feeling of failure on the part of the Department Office for Civil Rights to enforce the law. The way in which the department enforces the law also leads to undue elimination of men’s teams. (Secretary of Education Commission on Opportunity in Athletics, 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusion It is apparent that the current controversies about Title IX are not going to end soon, depending on which side one looks at it from. Many women than men seem to support the law. For the opponents, it is feared that in future, more problems are going to emerge in other circles of school life, like drama, dance and mathematics. People are going to use their own interpretation of the law to suit their own ends, which are not the original intentions of the law. But for the proponents, this is an opportunity to give girls the opportunity they have been historically denied. However from the discussion, it is imperative to review the law to get rid of its vague language, to make it more acceptable and objective.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  References About Title IX, Retrieved on 17th Dec, 2007, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutRE.html Amanda, H. (2004) Counter point: Title IX , â€Å"A Healthy Start, Still a Long Way to go† The Docket. Retrived on 17TH Dec. 2007, from www.docketonline.com Epstein, M (2003) Title IX, Retrieved, on 17th Dec.2007 from LewRockwell.com Gavora J. (2002) Tilting the Playing Field: Schools, Sports, Sex and Title IX http://www.american.edu/sadker/titleix.htm Kathryn J.L (2002), Spoiled Sports. Tilting the Playing Field: Schools, Sports, Sex, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Title IX book review, Retrived on 17th Dec. 2007 from BNET.com United States Department of Education, (2003)† Open to all† Title at Thirty:   Secretary of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Education Commission on Opportunity in Athletics

My Philosophies on Leadership and Management Essay -- Leadership and M

Introduction Examples of sound leadership can be found in many places. I very much admire individuals in my life who exhibited extraordinary aptitude in creating influence. From our small-town pastor to my favorite elementary teacher, I have striven to catalyze the same type of positive change I found in these models with others around me looking for a source of leadership. Until the completion of this course, however, I did not have the theoretical knowledge to work proven leadership methods into my projects. The purpose of this overview will be an attempt to overlay leadership research paradigms gleaned through my time in this class onto my personal leadership and managerial philosophies. Perspective of Humankind People deserve to be treated fairly and justly. As a result of this conviction, a strong sense of ethics constitutes a major implication in my overall philosophy of leadership. It is imperative for leaders to involve themselves with followers and aid them in resolving personal issues regarding conflicting values (Burns, 1978). In order to bring a follower to a higher level of functioning, it is the respon ¬sibility of the leader to help followers assess their own ideals of equality, liberty, justice, and others. In my assumption, ethics is the central characteristic of the process of being a leader. Managerial Philosophy As a manager, success is most often measured by the achievement of organizational tasks. However, another element of managerial success that may be more difficult to quantify (but is no less vital) is how the leader attends to the people in the organization who are trying to achieve its goals. Measuring concern for production in tandem with concern for people was the product... ... Sage. Jung, C. G. (1923). Psychological types. New York: Harcourt Brace. Kogler-Hill, S. E. (2007). Team leadership. In P. G. Northouse (Ed.), Leadership: Theory and practice (4th ed., pp. 207–236). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Kuhnert, K. W., & Lewis, P. (1987). Transactional and transformational leadership: A constructive/developmental analysis. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 648–657. Larson, C. E., & LaFasto, F. M. J. (1989). Teamwork: What must go right/what can go wrong. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Levi, D. (2011). Group dynamics for teams. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Authentic leadership development. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Parker, G. M. (1990). Team players and teamwork. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning orga ¬nization. New York: Doubleday. My Philosophies on Leadership and Management Essay -- Leadership and M Introduction Examples of sound leadership can be found in many places. I very much admire individuals in my life who exhibited extraordinary aptitude in creating influence. From our small-town pastor to my favorite elementary teacher, I have striven to catalyze the same type of positive change I found in these models with others around me looking for a source of leadership. Until the completion of this course, however, I did not have the theoretical knowledge to work proven leadership methods into my projects. The purpose of this overview will be an attempt to overlay leadership research paradigms gleaned through my time in this class onto my personal leadership and managerial philosophies. Perspective of Humankind People deserve to be treated fairly and justly. As a result of this conviction, a strong sense of ethics constitutes a major implication in my overall philosophy of leadership. It is imperative for leaders to involve themselves with followers and aid them in resolving personal issues regarding conflicting values (Burns, 1978). In order to bring a follower to a higher level of functioning, it is the respon ¬sibility of the leader to help followers assess their own ideals of equality, liberty, justice, and others. In my assumption, ethics is the central characteristic of the process of being a leader. Managerial Philosophy As a manager, success is most often measured by the achievement of organizational tasks. However, another element of managerial success that may be more difficult to quantify (but is no less vital) is how the leader attends to the people in the organization who are trying to achieve its goals. Measuring concern for production in tandem with concern for people was the product... ... Sage. Jung, C. G. (1923). Psychological types. New York: Harcourt Brace. Kogler-Hill, S. E. (2007). Team leadership. In P. G. Northouse (Ed.), Leadership: Theory and practice (4th ed., pp. 207–236). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Kuhnert, K. W., & Lewis, P. (1987). Transactional and transformational leadership: A constructive/developmental analysis. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 648–657. Larson, C. E., & LaFasto, F. M. J. (1989). Teamwork: What must go right/what can go wrong. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Levi, D. (2011). Group dynamics for teams. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Authentic leadership development. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Parker, G. M. (1990). Team players and teamwork. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning orga ¬nization. New York: Doubleday.

Effects of Pollution on World Economy Essay

Today, the increase in the world population and the fact that improved lives leads to life in the cities could only mean more pollution and a concern for every one. The daily requirements of the humans have created an unrelenting world where human enterprise would not be ignored. The direct or indirect involvement such has been created by the necessity to survive largely as the major reason. Although, at times the basic force behind that, is the human nature to live comfortable lives by making work easier. Human activities on the face of the earth have affected the natural settings leading to major environmental impacts. Damage to the environment through pollution has always been the overriding result rather than improvement and development. In the recent increase in green house gas emissions have been rampant therefore warranting research, analyses and survey. The green house gases include carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons that cause air pollution chemicals responsible for water pollution water and other metals that cause pollution to land and water (Hill, 2004). The analysis of pollution The graph below illustrates the yearly carbon emissions from different regions from 1800 up to 2000 in Million metric tons of carbon per year. From, this graph it is clear that the most leading countries in carbon emissions rank among the most developed countries. Developing countries and the less developed countries like Africa rank the lowest from this graph. It has been explained that less developed and developing countries is that economic costs of environmental regulation and compliance are small in respect to factors of production inclining more to those that influence comparative advantage (Gallagher, 2004) Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Online, n. d. There is evidence that increase in economic growth leads to an increase in pollution has been authenticated by the research in Mexico by the use of Kuznet curve. What Gallagher in his paper says is that pollution surpasses the economic growth thus the industries must come with strong environment strategies to ensure hat the growth of both are at per. Otherwise pollution leads to loss of profits made by an industry. This means that pollution eats back to what has lead to the accumulation of wealth (Gallagher, 2004). Pollution effects from a negative outlook What do we mean by the term environment? The environment is composed of the natural situations that form the human living space. This means that these are the inputs for nature that man has to turn to at one point of his life for survival or to aid in acquisition of an otherwise important need in his or her life. In economic terms the environment is seen as a scarce good that has its own special attributes (Siebert, 2007). The argument is that environment has two conflicting functions, one being a public consumption good and the other a home for deposition of waste from the consumption and production processes. The transformation of the environment on the other hand has affected the humans and the enterprise leading to a cyclic system; a system that works by triggering form one end and the process comes back trough and from another end. One of the major environmental impacts has been pollution thus this research paper will concern on how pollution affects the world economy from all perspectives. Pollution in the world has seen the increase in carbon dioxide and fixation of nitrogen present in air since the start of industrial revolution. The major reason for this increase is due to human activities changing and recoursing the natural law order of making and degeneration of organic and inorganic substances. Fresh water available sources have been put into human use and millions of birds have gone to extinction due to human activities. It is very clear that the rate of degeneration caused by man is much faster than the way natural order would take to replace back or deal with the amount of excretion. This therefore, means we have a cause to worry because in the quest for dominion of the earth and to improve our lives the other side of the balance is getting heavier. The process of natural replacement requires one to a hundred years to be effective therefore if pollution goes on with the same kind of alarming rate then man has to use his own means to replace the depleted materials to their original levels. This is very costly and affects the world’s economy negatively (Ash & Scholes, 2005). It is thus crucial to harmonize the different views on pollution to achieve pragmatism and success in the fight against man’s environment eventual extinction due to his own activities. This statement stems from the fact that pollution rates are different form the position of the country or region in that developing countries have the highest rates of pollution. This is a result of inadequate and many times lack of planning policies for the management of the waste form industries. On the other hand the rampant corruption harbored in these countries contributes immensely to the mismanagement of funds meant for the environment conservation and measures taken to avert the consequences of industrial effluents. However this does not mean that the developed countries are an exempt from this blame. Some of the most developed countries like America have large number of pollution from industries leading to mass destruction of animals especially in rivers lakes. At times these pollutant ranges to national border effects transported by agents like water and wind. Most of the large world economies since 1980’s have adopted the liberalized economy. This involves the right to engage in free trade using the available means of production. This thus, raises the concern of economy from the effect of pollution as a result of different countries applying all their resources to beat their inadequacy. This has translated to pollution taking two major turns. The first is the pollution from production and the second is pollution arising from consumption. In the quest to sustain energy production and sufficient supply of power major economies like China have resulted to using nuclear energy. This source of energy is renewable but has high dangers of leaking emission s to the atmosphere which can be lethal. The fact is that if it is lethal then it upsets the supply of labor if death occurs due to its results (Ash and Scholes, 2005). Labor is a very important factor of production which when terminated can lead to closure of factories besides causing negative growth. A very good example is the Bhopal accident in India that lead to the closure of the pesticide company due to death of 2000 to 8000 workers hours after the accident. Therefore the increased concern in the world environmental management has lead to United Nations concern of a fast fading natural setting world. This can be explained by the Kyoto protocol of 1997 which sought to achieve stabilization of green house gas concentrations in the atmosphere from dangerous levels that cause anthropogenic interference with the climate of the world. Many less developed and developing countries find themselves in situations of lack of enough capital to invest in the business equipment. It is therefore to assign a mammoth task to ask these business firms or industries to assign capital for purposes of preventing pollution. The implication from such kind of scenarios is that the externalities of pollution end up being passed to the society and to the governments indirectly. It is common in these economies to find that strategic industries are exempted from policies that are meant to curb the externalities because governments are not in position to make policies of internalization due to the importance attached (Stellman & Bureau, 1998). Pollution has proved to be very costly to countries in terms of health and safety, waste, and clean up costs. Of most crucial point to be noted is the reduced life expectancy especially in developing nations. When pollution either air, water, land, noise or any other has adverse effects to the humans it becomes a major concern to check and rationalize the existence of such a firm or industry. Human life should be first be respected from any angle of perspective. The United Nations millennium goals state that life is a right that is inalienable. Therefore, the slightest notion that life human life is at risk should not be taken lightly. Gravity lies at the core of issues pertaining pollution and disturbance of human life. The greatest damage to the economy would be to destroy human life emanating from pollution. First it is not easy to diagnose the various signs and symptoms resulting from instances of pollution in the environment. This requires specialized personnel, equipments and a variety of high demanding technology to sort out the problem. Nonetheless, some of the effects to human health are life lasting thus the issues of compensation cannot be avoided. The point here is that a long and time exposure to pollution is an expense to the economy of a country. The expenditure in treating and maintaining health of humans caused by pollution is a major drawback to achieving success in the global development especially if the magnitude of such pollution is very prolonged over a long period of time (Limited, 2001). The other way of looking at the effect of pollution to the economy is the customer relation to pollution. From the point of any organization, firm, or business the ultimate final goal is to make profit. This means that form the management of business affairs all means must be employed to remain in the market for a long time and outdo other rival business or firms. This from the business point of view is very encouraging but to look at the other side of the face it has an ugly look. Pollution being a costly project requires planning for efficiency to balance internalities and externalities of a business. The damage that is done to the economy is that this cost is passed to the consumer. Such an economy where the consumer is robbed of the power to buy is a weak economy that is not driven by the market forces. It results to exploitation of the employer to the employee sine he has the means. The employee only works to achieve the basic needs. There is no pleasure derived from work thus the value of work in such an economy is downtrodden (Driesen, 2003). Pollution had had a myriad of problems and affects the economy of the world in a myriad ways. It is therefore, pertinent to mention that it might not be possible to tackle al of them. However, one major effect of pollution to the economy is international trade. The concept of international trade operates form the point of multinational companies moving to transnational border and trade relations between states. The fact that most of the products are transported from their place of manufacture to heir places of consumption means that they offer employment, so when such goods are found to be below standards or then they might be rejected. This means that the number of people who were working from these firms is laid off. This increases the rate of unemployment of such places in such countries. In this context, if such firms are closed the chances to improve are thwarted thus no chance is given to the possibility of innovation (Driesen, 2003). Conclusion In the light of this research paper it is worth to note that the effects of pollution have also a positive side. Already discussed above are the negative effects thus, the following part will try to look at the positive aspect of pollution. It might sound rather unconvincing but the approach will try to authenticate the concern correctly. Pollution being seen from the international trade of states lens can lead to effective prevention. This is possible from the fact that if a certain state identifies a certain product to be a pollutant then measures to control the production of such a product are put in place. This means that the regulations will apply to other state trading with this nation. This means that the overall economies are focused to have products that are acceptable to them and to other member states. This at he same time means that if pollution prevention measures are put in place the firms and manufacturing companies seek the alternative of innovating other methods to produce better goods that are in lime with the regulations on pollution prevention. This means that the products that arise as a result for this new invention are better placed thus they penetrate markets to leap heavily at the expense of the earlier polluting products. This raises the firm’s reputation as well as the market advantage (Driesen, 2003). At the same time, this new invention lead to offer of new employment thus the once aversive pollution firm now becomes the centre of interest by complete change of ideology and repackaging. If a manufacturing firm changes its products from the polluting ones to the zero or less polluting ones there is an increase in the requirement from the market due to the increase in population. This means that industrialization takes human life and aspects to another level of civilization. Thus, if there is no pollution we might be stagnating with obsolete technology that does not help mankind. Tabb argues that an economy grows from the pollution that emanates from the industries. If workers must die from pollution and in the response economy grows, then pollution is might be justified (Tabb, 1992).

Dance Essay

Jameisha Tucker Divine Purpose Dance Team 08. 01. 11. Co-Captain Admissions Essay The term captain is synonymous with the term leader. By definition, a leader is someone who is in an advanced position to take the initiative in order to go forth and show the way. A dance captain should be able to make intelligent and creative decisions quickly and efficiently. Being a dance team captain for the Mighty Marching Lions has so much more to do with choreography and precision. Because we are a part of a Christian marching band, our purpose and our duty to fulfill that purpose is ten times greater than that of a traditional marching band. Without God, we would not have this grand opportunity and because of that we have to do things differently than the world would. We as band members are all working towards a goal which is ministering and showing the world the power of youth through the will of God. A captain must be able to effectively communicate and build a positive relationship with the team. A good relationship between captain and team is essential to the success of the team. Without it, everyone may not be on one accord and to accomplish our goals we all have to look and think like one. Every team has there issues and there is always going to be a time when someone is upset with someone else. Although our actions and words may not always project to be what we intend them to be, there are always reasonable solutions that can be taken in order to avoid altercations. We are of God and therefore we need to try our best to always show the love of God. I believe that I do posses many qualities of a leader. I am always pushing and striving to be greater. There may be times where I do get a dance move right away but I go home and practice until I feel I have mastered that move. I enjoy the fitness that we do before practice because I want a stronger body so that I can be a better dancer. I have a very independent personality and it is only because I want to be the best Christian, dancer, and overall person that I can be. One of our dance tattoos is â€Å"NO COMPROMISE†. I do not ever want to compromise myself or my beliefs to fit it. A leader never â€Å"fits in†. I always try my best to follow instructions because I know that this dance team is not only for me, it is for the world. We have to show the world the light. In this band you have to become selfless and know that when you are performing it is so that we can reach the world and save lives. Although I am also a dancer on my school’s dance team I would still be very committed to Divine Purpose. My contributions to this dance team would be enthusiasm, hard work ethic, and dedication. I am very excited to be apart of this dance team. I have been apart from the very beginning. I remember our first performance at the WE Fest on that very small stage. We didn’t even have team T-shirts but we tried to dance our hearts out. Moments like those are ones I never want to forget. I cannot wait for the incoming dancers to begin so that our team can grow and flourish. Pastor Powe is always preaching on legacy and I want to be able to leave one for future dancers. Dance Essay Jameisha Tucker Divine Purpose Dance Team 08. 01. 11. Co-Captain Admissions Essay The term captain is synonymous with the term leader. By definition, a leader is someone who is in an advanced position to take the initiative in order to go forth and show the way. A dance captain should be able to make intelligent and creative decisions quickly and efficiently. Being a dance team captain for the Mighty Marching Lions has so much more to do with choreography and precision. Because we are a part of a Christian marching band, our purpose and our duty to fulfill that purpose is ten times greater than that of a traditional marching band. Without God, we would not have this grand opportunity and because of that we have to do things differently than the world would. We as band members are all working towards a goal which is ministering and showing the world the power of youth through the will of God. A captain must be able to effectively communicate and build a positive relationship with the team. A good relationship between captain and team is essential to the success of the team. Without it, everyone may not be on one accord and to accomplish our goals we all have to look and think like one. Every team has there issues and there is always going to be a time when someone is upset with someone else. Although our actions and words may not always project to be what we intend them to be, there are always reasonable solutions that can be taken in order to avoid altercations. We are of God and therefore we need to try our best to always show the love of God. I believe that I do posses many qualities of a leader. I am always pushing and striving to be greater. There may be times where I do get a dance move right away but I go home and practice until I feel I have mastered that move. I enjoy the fitness that we do before practice because I want a stronger body so that I can be a better dancer. I have a very independent personality and it is only because I want to be the best Christian, dancer, and overall person that I can be. One of our dance tattoos is â€Å"NO COMPROMISE†. I do not ever want to compromise myself or my beliefs to fit it. A leader never â€Å"fits in†. I always try my best to follow instructions because I know that this dance team is not only for me, it is for the world. We have to show the world the light. In this band you have to become selfless and know that when you are performing it is so that we can reach the world and save lives. Although I am also a dancer on my school’s dance team I would still be very committed to Divine Purpose. My contributions to this dance team would be enthusiasm, hard work ethic, and dedication. I am very excited to be apart of this dance team. I have been apart from the very beginning. I remember our first performance at the WE Fest on that very small stage. We didn’t even have team T-shirts but we tried to dance our hearts out. Moments like those are ones I never want to forget. I cannot wait for the incoming dancers to begin so that our team can grow and flourish. Pastor Powe is always preaching on legacy and I want to be able to leave one for future dancers.

Any

Any Any Any By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, If a countable noun comes after any, then should it [the noun] be singular or plural? Like the indefinite article a/an, the word any derives from a form of the Old English word for one. Primarily an adjective, it is also used as a pronoun. As an adjective, any is most commonly followed by plural or uncountable nouns: In questions: Do you have any tomatoes for sale? (plural noun) Baa, baa Black Sheep, have you any wool? (uncountable noun) In negative statements: I don’t have any books by that author. (plural noun) The lion didn’t have any courage. (uncountable noun) In conditional statements: If your final draft contains any errors, it will be rejected. (plural noun) If you need any help with the proofing, let me know. (uncountable noun) Sometimes any is used to modify a singular countable noun: Any fourth-grader should be able to read that book. Any grammar book will have a section on relative pronouns. In these sentences, any is used in the sense of every: Every fourth-grader should be able to read that book. Every grammar book will have a section on relative pronouns. Sometimes a singular countable noun follows any in a question: Is there any rule that says I can’t dye my hair green? Is there any reason you slam the screen door every time you go through it? In the above contexts, the speaker does not anticipate more than one rule or reason, if any. On the other hand, a speaker who anticipates that there could be several rules or reasons would follow any with a plural noun: Are there any rules against further construction in this neighborhood? Are there any reasons we shouldn’t require job applicants to submit samples of their writing? As a pronoun, any stands for a noun that has already been expressed, or when it is followed by the preposition of: Of all the books I have read, this one is more memorable than any. If there are any of the pecans left after the sale, you may have them. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:8 Proofreading Tips And TechniquesPhrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

Differences Between Collaborate and Corroborate

Differences Between Collaborate and Corroborate If you are having a hard time deciding when to use the commonly  confused words, collaborate and corroborate, you are not the only one. Here are the definitions of each of these terms to help you in your writing: The verb collaborate means to cooperate or work jointly with others. The verb corroborate means to strengthen, support, or confirm with evidence. Examples of Usage In the long history of humankind (and animal kind, too) those who learned to collaborate and improvise most effectively have prevailed. (Charles Darwin)According to legend, he killed over a hundred men, but no historian has been able to corroborate this claim. Practice Usage (a) Divine was hired to _____ with the author to produce a new screenplay.(b) True ideas are those we can assimilate, validate, _____, and verify. Answers: (a) Divine was hired to  collaborate  with the author to produce a new screenplay.(b) True ideas are those we can assimilate, validate,  corroborate, and verify.

Architecture history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Architecture history - Essay Example During this time, architects had access to new technologies that empowered their design and the society demands were dynamic at this time. The purpose of this article is to examine the theme of nationalism and regionalism as depicted in the Australian architecture. Regional architecture is a new approach to architecture that aims to orient the placeless modern architecture and to give it a sense of belonging. Regional and national architecture is the use of unique design and that is only relevant and associated with a specific place. The Sydney School of architecture is perceived as the mother of the international style in Australia after it introduced the concept of organic architecture. This design requirement emerged in the year 1950s when the need arose to reform architectural design to accommodate the complex demands of the new world2. Consequently, Sydey School is perceived as a solution to a constrained international architectural design. 1Edquist, Harriet. Pioneers of Moderni sm: The Arts and Crafts Movement in Australia. Carlton: Miegunyah Press, 2008. 2Callister, Winsome. â€Å"Dealing with the ‘Sydney School’: Perspectives on Australian Architecture in the 1950s and 1960s.† Transition, no. ... Modern architects have embraced this design principle to come up with unique structures that are natural and youthful by utilizing natural materials and taking advantage of topographical forms. Peter Muller is among one of the organic architects that adopted the principles laid down by Wright in his definition of the modern design. One unique artistic work of Muller that has garnered a lot of attraction as an organic structural design is the Audette House that he designed in Australia. A feature that has captured many architects in this piece of work is the topographical design forms that Muller included in his plans. This architect employed horizontal lines to integrate the house with the sloppy landscape and to accomplish the initial design requirement of a solar friendly design. The use of free form angles and flat topped roofs was a unique attribute that connects to the idea of organic architecture that Wright saw as new characteristic of modern buildings. In addition, the surrou nding of the building is covered by a natural aesthetic of plants that was part of this landscape even before the existence of this building. Natural aesthetic is one of the emphases that organic architects have put forward to ensure that structures interfere minimally with the natural environment. In this view, Audette building can be regarded as typical structure that defines the organic school of architectural design4. 3Pearson, David. The Breaking Wave: New Organic Architecture. New York: Cengage, 2001. p. 72. 4Irving, Robert. Fine Houses of Sydney. Australia: Methuen, 2000. P160-169. Another unique feature of the Audette house is the selection of materials used for construction

Analysis of a Firm (Business Report) Research Paper

Analysis of a Firm (Business Report) - Research Paper Example However, an interim dividend has been paid to the shareholders though a decrease in net profit has been seen in 2011 as compared to the last year. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Company Overview – Woodside 4 Firm Analysis 4 Financial Analysis 5 Risk and Performance Analysis 7 Investments 8 Valuation 9 Conclusion 10 Reference List 11 Company Overview – Woodside Woodside is one of the major companies of Australia in the oil and gas sector. It is also one of the major operators of LNG plants. They produce about 700,000 oil barrels every day and operate even in remote and sensitive regions of the world. Woodside produces eco-friendly gas to meet the energy requirements of the customers of Australia, China, and Asia Pacific regions. Woodside has a number of subsidiaries. The major operating subsidiary of the company is Woodside Energy ltd. Currently 3,856 employees are working for the company around the world. Woodside is also supported by 734 other third party contra ctors (Woodside, 2011a, p. 4). Firm Analysis Woodside started its journey in the year 1954. Shell had 40 percent of the shares; BHP Billiton had shares in Woodside, too. ... Woodside is large oil and gas company, and companies like Hansard Europe, BlackRock Fund Advisors, DWS Investment GmbH, etc. are its major shareholders. There are 20 other premium companies who are the shareholders of Woodside. Peter Coleman is the CEO of the company as well as the managing director. He has 27 years of experience as the vice-president of Exxon Mobil, one of the largest oil and gas company in the world. Therefore, it can be understood that the management head of the company has adequate experience of handling a major oil and gas company. Moreover, Woodside is an attractive option for investors due to its financial performance, which we will be studying later in this report. This proves that the management of the company and the shareholders work with the common objective and goal of achieving and earning a sustainable profit for the company, and there is no conflict between them, as the strategic functions and systems of the company are transparent enough. Financial A nalysis The 2007-2011 financial analysis data of Woodside have been considered. The sales, or revenue generation of the company, have increased during this period. Though in the year 2008 Woodside earned revenue of US$ 5,045 million, it could boast of no more than US$ 3,487 in 2009. The reason might be the financial crisis which has engulfed the global economy. However, in 2010 and 2011, the revenue increased to US$ 4,193 and US$ 4,802 million respectively, which is about 15 percent increase in comparison with the previous year, as stated in Figure 1. On the other hand, a gearing ratio of 28.6 percent in 2011 is higher than 26.3 percent in 2010. This signifies an increase in the leverages and, consequently, in risks associated with the company (Morning Star, 2012).

Super Bowl Ads Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Super Bowl Ads - Assignment Example The commercial of this mega event is a trend setter in the industry due to high cost and quality. The Operah was marketing a jeep. At beginning the product was not clear, it revealed surprises at the end in emotional background. Patriotic emotions were triggered with the help of a very persuasive language. The theme itself was strong enough that it needs not any musical background. Without any music the theme sounds so real and natural. Female narrator suits the theme but the gender change might reduce the impact of the commercial The commercial does not leave a quick impact on a viewer and the Google Trends (Shaughnessy, 2013) shows that there it did not leave any significant impact on the Samsung search uptick. The theme of the commercial is good but it failed to win the viewership of a large segment of the society which may hint the future business, trends and gains. Shaughnessy Haydn (2013). Did Samsungs Superbowl Ad Make A Difference In Its Battle With Apple? . Retrieved from

Business Plan For A Handicraft Business In UK Marketing Essay

Business Plan For A Handicraft Business In UK Marketing Essay INTRODUCTION The objective of this report is to study and prepare the business plan for a handicraft business in UK. This business plan deals with the feasibility analysis, idea generation, and industry analysis at both the local and global level to understand the market and business factors. The market analysis is also done, primarily through the secondary sources to capture the potential demand of handicrafts in the UK market and the trends which the customer are looking for in this industry. After analyzing the demand, the technical analysis was done for the business. For the success of any business, it is necessary that the idea or the basis of the plan should be strong. But it is also imperative that the plan should take into account a true picture of financials to have a strong foundation on which the business can be built upon. Therefore in the report, a detailed preparation of cash flow analysis, profitability analysis and the expected expenditure in the business has been taken care of. The report has taken into consideration the risk factor also which the business needs to consider before commencing on the work. Handicraft is a business which needs not only financial capital but also human capital and it is necessary that skilled labour is available in plenty. The attrition rate is low in this industry provided they are provided with adequate support and wages. In the report I have tried to touch upon that issue as well. Also the manner in which the products would be sold and promoted in the market would be taken care of. We would not be opening our own stores for now and would be selling on to other retailers. However the idea of opening the stores is not discarded as whole for now and would be seen as an option at a later stage in the life of the business. Heavy spending is planned to promote the products in the initial phase of the business and various media vehicles would be tried upon to promote the products well in the market. The business as of now focusing primarily on the UK market and later on in the later stage, the business can be expanded further. Contents Introduction Handicraft Industry The handicraft industry is one of the most productive sectors in the economy. The reason being that this sector not only uses the raw materials but also give employment opportunities to a number of people. Thus not only financial capital and raw material is employed but also a lot of human capital is also used in this business (Garrison, 2008). According to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) International Symposium on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Crafts and the International Market: Trade and customs codificationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Manila, Philippines, October 1997. Handicrafts can be defined as products which are produced either completely by hand or with the help of tools. Mechanical tools may be used as long as the direct manual contribution of the artisan remains the most substantial component of the finished product. Handicrafts are made from the raw materials and can be produced in unlimited numbers. Such products can be utilitarian, aesthetic, cultural, artistic and may have a social, religious and symbolic significance (Robertson, 2002). Industry Analysis UK has been a country with a rich and diverse culture. Lot of migrant population also resides in various parts of the country. It is because of this that handicraft industry has played an important role in this country. The industry provides economic advantage much because of the demand from various strata of the population (Mathias, 2001). Handicrafts have always attracted people much because of their cultural importance and it crosses barriers too. The customers in any market look for handicrafts from not only the local market but also from the other countries (Barlow, 1991). Therefore both the cultural and financial values are attached to this industry. This industry by its mass and production scale lies in the middle class as not much finance and manufacturing facilities are needed in this business. The industry is decentralized and is labour intensive. Not many players fight in this market and only small players operate in this area. The sector employs a lot of people and thus acts as a medium of employment for lot of people. The sector has seen an increase in growth much due to the fact that people have been more open to the culture of other countries and are accepting it more often. The era of globalization has helped in the revival of this industry not only in the UK market but also in other markets too (Andrews , 2009). Classification of Handicrafts Industry Handicraft products can be distinguished into the following: Metal ware Wood ware Hand printed textiles Embroidered and crocheted goods Shawls Carpets Embroidered goods Bamboo products Zari goods Earthenware and jute products Miscellaneous handicrafts SWOT Analysis of Handicraft Industry Strengths Market is diversified and has huge potential Presence of large product variety because of various cultures Low capital investment Flexibility in production of goods as per market demand Low barriers to the entry of new players Products sold are high value ones and have diversified usage Weakness Lack of coordination between government bodies and companies Inadequate information on the current market trends Lack of skilled labour Opportunities Development of domestic tourism sector which helps in boosting sales. Usage of internet and other technologies in boosting the market potential Rising demand because of people becoming more open to cultures Threats Lack of branding opportunities in this sector Threats from the developing countries like India and China in terms of resources Business Proposition We would be dealing in the limited set of handicraft industry as many products come under its purview. Our company would serve the needs of the customers in only the wooden handicrafts market. The reason for choosing this is that in UK market these products are used almost in every home. Products like decorative chairs, desks, beds, sofas which are made by hand are seen as high value products in the market as customers look for something different. Particularly for the UK customer, they need products which not only serve their functional purpose but also add something extra. It is with this that we plan to enter in this industry with this specific set of products. Wooden handicrafts refer to a wide range of wooden items carrying utilitarian and artistic value that are made by hand o with the use of simple tools. They are made by unmatched workmanship, have fine designs and have subtle elegance. The products require low capital investment to manufacture. The wooden handicraft sector provides a high ratio of value addition and has emerged as one of the major sources of foreign exchange in the country too. (Sumption, 2010) Market Analysis Majority of the current players in the market deal in almost all the product categories in the wooden handicraft industry. (Macleod, 2006) Retailing is not done by them and they deal in mostly the production part. They have retailing contracts with other partners which help them sell the products Monthly production units are majorly in the range of thousands of units for all the products combined Wooden and glass handicrafts are majorly in demand in the UK market. (John, 2006) Inventories are usually kept low as these products are sold and produced in lower units in the market. Almost all the players in the market hire the labor at a contractual basis rather than on a permanent basis. Many of the players take the route of exhibition to promote their products to the customers. (Mathias, 2001) These products are high margin products as they are mainly value based ones. Hence high margin and medium volume is generally the trend in the industry Competition The following players currently operate in the market and sell wooden handicrafts in the market. World Art and Crafts Ltd. Java Art Elements Ltd. Demand Analysis and Forecasting During our study we also analysed the demand pattern for the various products in the wooden handicraft market and it came to around 50000 units per month on approximation. There is a demand supply gap in the market as according to our supply the current players in the market are able to provide close to 30000 units only. Hence we consider a huge potential to be catch up in the market.(Boseley,2009) The market is growing closely at an annual rate of 15%. Hence it is decided that the capacity would be initially 60% for the first year and then it will grow accordingly. Marketing Channel As mentioned before, our business involves only manufacturing the products. Therefore we would use a network of retailers called partners to sell our products in the market. These would be mainly big retailers like WalMart, Tesco etc. Strategic Marketing Plan Wooden handicraft particularly the furniture part is an unbranded commodity and hence manufacturers generally do not have to spend too much on the promotional part. It is better for them to increase the margin given to the retailers so that they push the company product more in front of the customers. However in order to differentiate our offering and to capture the customer base, it is necessary to have a basic strategic marketing plan. The following would be the strategies used by us: Steady supply with timely delivery to fulfill the demand in the market thereby providing products with high quality Products would be given emphasis on the design front. Designs would be based on several themes Orders would also be taken online from the customers apart from being available in the retail The company plans to both manufactures the products locally in the UK market as well as import some of it from the Indian market. Indians play a vital role in UK both in terms of trade and demographics and thus there is a market to serve the Indian community. The other reasons to source the products from India are: The demand for Indian wooden handicrafts is evergreen. It is both difficult for the labour in UK to produce these handicrafts as the design in Indian art work is quite intricate. Hence it is decided that some portion of our products would be sourced directly from the Indian producers, mainly based in states like Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Indian being a developing country, both the labour and raw materials are quite cheap as compared to other developed countries. Hence it makes sense to outsource some of the production work. Indian artisans are well known around the world. British make a major portion of the people visiting India every year and hence they come in contact with Indian art and culture too. Thus getting products from market like India helps in understanding the customer taste and keep the product portfolio up to date. Some of the Indian players which have been shortlisted and considered for sourcing of the products are as follows: Khan Arts India Madnik International Goyal India Indus Trade Handmade Crafts Antiquity Handicrafts All the products in the portfolio would be sourced from these six major exporters in India. These players have been selected after thorough search of their business and their financials. They enjoy good reputation in the Indian market and also export to other players in different countries. It is decided to have business with six players as it will help us diversify our risk and help us maintain a steady flow of products from India. These players are from different parts of the country and thus the products served by them would have different designs as India being a vast country has many sub cultures which attract many people worldwide. Technical Analysis Wood carving is a time consuming process as craftsmen take time to make every piece. The process may take a week to months depending upon the level of intricacy in the design. The process use a lot of different tools also like saw, lathes, drills, chain saws etc. Machinery Involved The following machinery would be used by the workers in the business: Chemical treatment plant Seasoning plant Surface planner Grinder Driller Gaze machine Sanding machine Structure and Civil Work Sr.No. Particulars Area (Sq. feet) Amount (British Pounds) 1 Factory shed 1800 6000 2 2 stock room 360 1050 3 Guard room 80 250 4 Power room 80 250 5 Boundary wall 3200 6 Washroom 48 150 5 labour quarters 7 Rooms 120 18000 8 Wash rooms 48 700 9 Office rooms 180 550 10 Fire fittings 600 Total 30750 Labour Requirements Handicraft is a labour intensive product and thus a lot depends on the kind of labour employed. Employees Number Annual Salary (British pounds) Production supervisor 1 25000 Accountant 1 25000 Skilled workers 5 20000 Semi skilled workers 8 16000 Unskilled workers 3 13000 Peon 1 10000 Guard 1 10000 Total 20 119000 Financial Analysis Particulars Land and site development Building Plant and Machinery Other fixed assets Preoperative expenses Preliminary expenses Provision for contigency WC Margin Total Means of Finance Particulars Promoterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capital Long/Medium term loan from banks Total Basic Assumptions underlying the financial projections The construction period will last one year The company would work 365 days a year The expected capacity utilization will be 60% in first year, 65% in second year and the increment based on past performance. The term loan would be re-paid in 14 equal half-yearly installments. The interest rate on the outstanding term loan would be 12% The bank finance for working capital will cost interest rate 12% The depreciation rates for company law purpose would be Building 3.34% Plant and Machinery 8% Misc fixed assets 5% The suppliers for raw material would provide credit for 15 days The salvage value is assumed to be 5% of fixed assets. Sales Forecast Sales Forecast (units) Year 2010 2011 Units 9500 12000 Conclusion The business plan has been prepared keeping in mind all the factors and taking financials to the best of the present picture. It is therefore expected that the actual outcome would represent the true picture of this outlined plan. Finally, my personal interest in this field will lead to establish my own business. These will result in successful and sustainable business. References Andrews, J.(2009).Handel allinglese, Playbill,. Accessed from: http://www.playbillarts.com/features/article/4236.html (Last Accessed: 5th March 2010) Barlow, I.( (1991) Metropolitan Government. Accessed from: http:// www.new.wales.co.uk (Last Accessed: 5th March 2010) Boseley, S (2009). The question: Whats behind the baby boom? The Guardian. Accessed from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/jul/14/familyandrelationships.women (Last Accessed: 5th March 2010) Garrison, Webb B. (2008).Why You Say It. Accessed from: http://www.readbooksonline.net (Last Accessed: 5th March 2010) MacLeod, Donald (2006). Britain second in world research rankings. The Guardian. Accessed from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2006/mar/21/highereducation.uk4 (Last Accessed: 5th March 2010) Mathias.P (2001). The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain. Accessed from: http://www.johnbirchall-economist.com (Last Accessed: 5th March 2010) Mathias.P (2001).The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain. Published by: Routledge, ed.2, pp. 56-58 Mensah. J (2006). British culture on a high rise. Robertson, Kirsty (2006), How to Knit an Academic Paper. Queens University, 30 March 2006 Sumption, M.(2010). The UKs new Europeans: Progress and challenges five years after accession. Equality and Human Rights Commission. Accessed from: http://www.equalityhumanrights.com (Last Accessed: 5th March 2010)